Bio fertilizers and Bio pesticides

Biofertilizers:
Biofertilizers are defined as preparations containing living cells or latent cells of efficient strains of microorganisms that help crop plants’ uptake of nutrients by their interactions in the rhizosphere when applied through seed or soil.  They accelerate certain microbial processes in the soil which augment the extent of availability of nutrients in a form easily assimilated by plants




Different types of biofertilizers:
1. Rhizobium 
2. Azotobacter
 3. Azospirillum

Fig :Pictures of Biofertilizer

 4. Cyanobacteria
 5. Azolla
 6. Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms(PSM)
 7. AM fungi

Benefits: The advantages of Liquid Bio-fertilizer over conventional carrier based Bio-fertilizers  are listed below: Longer shelf life -12-24 months. No contamination. No loss of properties due to storage upto 45º c. Greater potentials to fight with native population. High populations can be maintained more than 109 cells/ml upto 12 months to 24 months. Easy identification by typical fermented smell. Cost saving on carrier material, pulverization, neutralization, sterilization,  packing and transport. Quality control protocols are easy and quick. Better survival on seeds and soil. No need of running Bio-fertilizer production units through out the year. Very much easy to use by the farmer. Dosages is 10 time less than carrier based powder Bio-fertilizers. High commercial revenues. High export potential. Liquid  Bio-fertlizer application methodology There are three ways of using Liquid Bio-fertilizers Seed treatment Root dipping Soil application              Mass production of   Bacterial Biofertilizer The mass production of carrier based bacterial biofertilizers  involves three stages. Culturing of microorganisms Processing of carrier material Mixing the carrier and the broth culture and packing Culturing of Microorganisms Although many bacteria can be used beneficially as a biofertilizer the technique  of mass production is standardizedfor Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Azotobacter   and phosphobacteria. Biopesticides: Biopesticides include "naturally occurring substances that control pests (biochemical  pesticides),  microorganisms that control pests (microbial pesticides), and pesticidal substances produced by  plants containing added genetic material. Examples:                                                                                                                     Chitosan Spinosad Insect pheromones and other semiochemicals Mechanical and Chemical use of Biopesticides Types of BIO Pesticides      (1) Microbial pesticides consist of a microorganism as the active ingredient.  Microbial pesticides can control many different kinds of pests, although each  separate active ingredient is relatively specific for its target pest. (2) Plant-Incorporated-Protectants (PIPs) are pesticidal substances that plants  produce from genetic material that has been added to the plant. (3) Biochemical pesticides are naturally occurring substances that control pests by  non-toxic mechanisms. The advantages of using biopesticides Biopesticides are usually inherently less toxic than conventional pesticides. Biopesticides generally affect only the target pest and closely related organisms. Biopesticides often are effective in very small quantities and often decompose quickly. When used as a component of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. To use biopesticides effectively, however, users need to know a great deal about managing pests.