Application of Biotechnology in Agriculture: Tissue culture,Clonimg and Green revolution

Tissue Culture

“Plant Tissue Culture is the aseptic culture of plant protoplasts, cells, tissues or organs under conditions which lead to cell multiplication or regeneration of organs or whole plants “.Tissue can be regenerated from explants such as cotyledons, hypocotyls, leaf, ovary, protoplast, petiole, root, anthers, etc. Tissue culture produces clones, in which all product cells have the same genotype (unless affected by mutation during culture). Plant tissue culture is an essential component of many present-day breeding techniques, such as embryo rescue and microsporogenesis.

There are five available methods of producing virus free plant these are

i) Heat treatment

ii) Meristem culture

Fig:Tissue Culture Lab

iii) Heat treatment followed by Meristem cultur

iv)Adventitious shoot formation followed by meristem culture and

v) Grafting of meristem on virus free rootstocks

Tissue Culture Applications:

Micropropagation
Germplasm preservation
Somaclonal variation & mutation selection
Embryo Culture

Fig:Transplant Tissue Culture
Haploid & Dihaploid Production
In vitro hybridization – Protoplast Fusion
Industrial Products from Cell Cultures

Green revolution:

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The application of science to increasing agricultural productivity, including the breeding of high-yield varieties of grains, the effective use of pesticides, and improved fertilization, irrigation, mechanization, and soil conservation techniques.

intensive uses of irrigation,
hybridized seeds,
modern agronomic practices,
synthetic fertilizer and pesticides.
Green revolution initiatives the development of high-yielding crop varities

GR helped avoid widespread famine and fed billions of people.

Cloning

Cloning in biology is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria, insects or plants reproduce asexually. Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNAfragments (molecular cloning), cells (cell cloning), or organisms

Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps